Man’s Interaction with the Environment in Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses :: Faulkner’s Go Down Moses

Mans Interaction with the Environment in Faulkners Go Down, MosesI found the short stories in Go Down, Moses to be long, boring, and hard to comprehend. As usual Faulkner writes his stories with no regard to punctuation. His run-on sentences are confusing and unnecessary. However, I did notice the theme of man and his interactions with the environment disturbed throughout these stories. Was starts us off with Uncle Ike McCaslin in his old age and tells the account statement of his elder cousin (and surrogate father) and his childhood with Uncle Buck and Uncle Buddy. I was not impress to see the uncles reappear, as Faulkner loves to have characters make come-backs in numerous novels. Like its title, Was shows a past experience from McCaslin Edmonds childhood. The sentence structure in the beginning of the story confused me a bit. Faulkner uses no periods, choosing instead to start a new paragraph every time one sentence ends and the other begins (granted, these sentences are fundam entally paragraphs themselves). Once the story about Edmonds past and the dialog start, Faulkner starts using periods again. Why would Faulkner set the story up like this? What is the significance of leaving out periods in the beginning of the narrative? Perhaps it is to signal that the narrator is speaking in present time, and once the periods are included, that signals that the event occurred in the past. This is a probable explanation, as we saw a similar structure in his other novels, including The Sound and the Fury, where italics were used to signal a change in narrative. Maybe the same matter is happening here.In Pantaloon in Black Faulkner seems to digress from the story of the McCaslins and focuses on a black man, passenger, who goes crazy with grief after his wifes mysterious (to the reader) death, kills a white man he works with, and is executed. This story clearly illustrates the racial discrimination by whites. After the entire ordeal, the sheriffs delegate tells his wife about the events and in the process allows us to see how racist he is. He compares blacks to a damn herd of wild buffaloes when it comes to having feelings (150). Also, when he describes Riders actions after his wifes death, he says that the town expected him to take the day off since even a nigger couldnt indigence no better excuse for a holiday cruelly suggesting that blacks are lazy and will use any excuse to have a day off of work (151).

Jonathan Larson :: essays research papers

Jonathan Larson RENT(February 4, 1960 January 25, 1996)Composer-lyricist-librettist of RENT, a rock opera inspired by "La Bohme", Jonathan Larson was born in Mt. Vernon, brisk York, and raised in suburban White Plains, the second child of Allan and Nanette Larson. Both Jonathans parents loved music and theatre, and show tunes and folk music were always playing in their home. Jon and his sister Julie took piano lessons during mere(a) school. He could play by ear, and his teacher encouraged him to experiment with rhythm, harmony, and setting words. By high school, he was called the "Piano Man" after the enormously certifycratic song of that title by Billy Joel he also played tuba in the school marching band. Active in school and conjunction theatre, Jonathan had major roles in several musicals. In 1978, Jonathan entered the acting conservatory at Adelphi University with a four-year full-tuition merit scholarship. He told an interviewer in 1993 that the program wa s "an undergrad version of the Yale rep the theatre where students of the Yale School of Drama work alongside veteran professionals. And I was serious enough about theatre to know that this was what I wanted to do." He earned his Equity card doing summer stock and received a BFA with honors in 1982. His favorite part of the Adelphi curriculum was the original political cabarets. With classmates, Larson wrote rock-flavored attacks on the New Christian Right, Reaganomics, and the mind-numbing effects of television. He also scored EL LIBRO DE BUENAMOR (1979) and THE STEAK TARTARE CAPER (1981), musicals with lyrics and libretti by faculty members. He had a knack for pastiche and for complex ensemble metrical composition that used themes in counterpoint. In class, Jonathan studied the theatre of Bertolt Brecht and Peter Brook. Among his musical influences were JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR, the Beatles, Prince, and the Police, but the writer he admired most was Stephen Sondheim, to wh om he wrote during his last year in college. The distinguished composer-lyricist answered him and became an adviser to the young songwriter. After graduation, Jonathan moved to Manhattan, went on acting auditions, performed in a nightclub trio, and composed songs for a musical version of Rudyard Kiplings "Jungle Books". In 1982 he adapted George Orwells "1984" for the musical stage. Deeply affected by the novel, and unflappably confident, he completed book, music, and lyrics, recorded a demo tape, sent a script to director Harold Prince, and wrote to Orwells estate.

Accommodating Students with Disabilities :: College Admissions Essays

Accommodating Students with Disabilities   In order to earn a high school diploma in New York State, each student must acquire one somatogenetic education credit. Paul a pseudonym is in a wheelchair. He is a tenth-grade student with rational palsy at my high school. He needed to earn this credit, but would be unable to meet the challenges of physical education. Paul would have to get his physical education credit another way.   The dean of students and varsity basketball coach were made aware of the problem and came up with a solution. Knowing that Paul is a basketball fan, he inquired whether he could record the stats. A modification to the program All-Star Stats 400 by Microsoft would enable Paul to maintain the stats and remove the task from the coachs shoulders.   This thought was then discussed with the Learning Workshop instructor, a computer whiz. He reasoned that if Paul could break down, statistically, videotaped basketball games, he could input the stats into the computer. Paul discussed the idea with his teacher and really liked the idea-it allowed him to participate in high school basketball and earn the required credit.   Once his teacher completed the modifications of All-Star Stats 400, Paul was given a valuable chance to get his physical education credit. The facultys willingness to help a student shines through the mechanics of this process. The reason Paul succeeded in receiving his credit is because he was willing to try to make the idea become reality. The faculty worked together to form the raw materials, and Paul finished the product.   This personal victory was barely detect by the student body, although perhaps more students should take heed of the occurrence. The ideals expressed in this story include acceptance, creativity and cooperation among faculty and students. As his teacher said, acquire Pauls credit shows the helpfulness and dedication of the faculty and the willingness and desire of Paul.

Macbeth: Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth Destiny of Each Character is Pre-determined    In the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each charactersdestiny limitms to be predetermined. This raises the ultimate interview  who,or what, controls fate?   Existentialism is the belief that each person defines their future bytheir decided actions  that the future has not yet been written.Fatalism is the belief that the bulgecome of any events is preordained, andtherefore, unalterable.  Throughout Macbeth, the character Macbeth makesmany decisions which clearly affect his future, but are they trulydecisions?  Or, are his decisions examples of fatalism, where another forceis guiding his actions to their predetermined conclusion?   legion(predicate) of the characters, events, and much of the imagery in Macbethindicates that fate plays a prominant role in advancing the plot.  Thecharacters most easily identified with having supernatural powers are,obviously, the thr ee witches.   The Witches ability to see into the future is demonstrated when Macbethbecomes thane of Cawdor.  The line, What? Can the devil speak consecutive?showes Banquos surprise at the realization of the prophecy.   But, would the Witches prophecy of Macbeths royal promotion have cometrue had they not made Macbeth aware of the possibility?  There was noreason to warn Macbeth of the fate in store for him, since it is mostlikely impossible for a person to alter their destiny.  It is quitepossible that the witches have no real power at all, beyond that ofsuggestion.  They may have only planted the vagary within Macbeth, feedingoff his already present ambition.  Perhaps the only true controlling powercomes from Lady Macbeths uncontrollable greed.   Once Lady Macbeth had intentional of the witches prophecy, she immediatelyconcluded that Macbeth would not, with his present persona, be able toattain that which fate had bestowed upon him.& nbsp      ...Hie thee hither,      That I may pour my spirits in thine ear      And chastise with gallantry of my tongue      All that impedes thee from the golden round      Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem      To have thee crowned withal.   Lady Macbeth believed that it was her duty to induce Macbeth to carryout the necessary deed (Duncans murder) to fulfil the prophecy.  However,if Lady Macbeth had not influenced him, it is doubtful that Macbeth wouldhave taken any action towards his Royal future.   This substantiates the idea that the strength of the witches words liesin the power of suggestion.  Although Lady Macbeth stated her belief inFate, she felt compelled to help it along.  During the banquet, Macbethrealized that the path of his life was coming to a fork in the highway, and

David Herbert Lawrence :: Essays Papers

David Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth claw of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small dig town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his childishness David Herbert shargond a precise close relationship with his mother.Lawrence first started his training in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later attend Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of capital of the United Kingdom to began his teaching career. While teaching in Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Fords English Review) which was a good nexus for his writing career.In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A checkmate a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis s omething he would spend the rilievo of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first days were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrences many flights from ill health and social censure. The contiguous step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a crazy house in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a extended failure.One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later conk outs. Lawrence was non only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, poems and travel journalism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were Iranian Officers and The Odours of Chrysanthemums. His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories ahead he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays natur e through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrences short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered uncorrected to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterleys Lover which was privately printed.David Herbert Lawrence Essays papersDavid Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth child of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small mining town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his childhood David Herbert shared a very close relationship with his mother.Lawrence first started his education in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later attended Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of London to began his teaching career. While teaching i n Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Fords English Review) which was a good connection for his writing career.In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A couple a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis something he would spend the rest of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first years were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrences many flights from ill health and social censure. The next step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a sanitarium in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a big failure.One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later works. Lawrence was not only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, poems and travel journal ism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were Persian Officers and The Odours of Chrysanthemums. His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories before he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays nature through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrences short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered undisciplined to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterleys Lover which was privately printed.

David Herbert Lawrence :: Essays Papers

David Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth youngster of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small mining town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his puerility David Herbert shargond a truly close relationship with his mother.Lawrence first started his direction in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later accompanied Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of capital of the United Kingdom to began his teaching career. While teaching in Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Fords English Review) which was a good association for his writing career.In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A suspender a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis something he would spend the respire of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first historic period were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrences many flights from ill health and social censure. The adjoining step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a snake pit in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a magnanimous failure.One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later draws. Lawrence was not only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, poems and travel journalism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were Persian Officers and The Odours of Chrysanthemums. His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories before he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays nature through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrences short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered ungoverned to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterleys Lover which was privately printed.David Herbert Lawrence Essays text fileDavid Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth child of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small mining town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his childhood David Herbert shared a very close relationship with his mother.Lawrence first started his education in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later attended Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of London to began his teaching c areer. While teaching in Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Fords English Review) which was a good connection for his writing career.In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A couple a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis something he would spend the rest of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first years were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrences many flights from ill health and social censure. The next step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a sanitarium in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a big failure.One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later works. Lawrence was not only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, p oems and travel journalism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were Persian Officers and The Odours of Chrysanthemums. His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories before he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays nature through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrences short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered undisciplined to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterleys Lover which was privately printed.

Objective of Punishment

Objectives of Punishment There flummox been many rules throughout history some favor to follow those rules and some choose to break the rules. The big question is the product to those who should break the rules. There was a day when parents could spank their children freely and accepted as simply normal. As the historic period went on, society started to see how people would take it too far. Therefore, laws had to change. It is the same within todays prison system. Individuals are in prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time.Some go to national prison and some go to state prisons. It depends on the type of crime that a person commits because these prisons harbor diametric types of criminals they also have different guidelines to follow in terms to punishing the inmates. How does sending one person to state or one person to federal official prison affect the correctional system altogether? The State of Californias main(prenominal) goal of sentencing is to match the community sanctions with the offender.The types of community sanctions include sorry offenders who benefit from pr reddention services and are at risk of committing more crimes include juvenile offenders with learning difficulties, high school dropouts, and urban youth inner circle members. Prevention services may include activities such as special education programs, and big brother programs. Criminal offenders who have received and benefited from these early interposition services are closely first time offenders. Early intervention programs can significantly decrease the offenders chances for committing crimes in the future.Offenders need inwardness abuse and alcohol counseling-related services, work skill development, and education, (Nieto, 1996). Offenders eligible for these programs are people in prison who can divert to alternative services and programs. The convicted offenders can be a second time or even a third time offenders who failed probation and even convicted of several of nonviolent offenses. Californias three strikes law, can result in convicted felon sentenced to prison for life if the convicted offenders first two felonies were violent crimes and the third felony committed by the repeat offender is also a violent crime, (Nieto, 1996).The main goal of these sentencing guidelines is to put the targeted offenders with appropriate community sanctions. However, there are some differences and variations in the California sentencing guidelines, which include the punishment by the nature of crime committed, frequency, and severity. A good example took place in Michigan. If an offender is arrested for burglary, which is a class C felony in the state of Michigan, and a previous drug arrest, which are also a class C crime. The Michigan sentencing guideline invests provide sentencing options from alternative community corrections to a two-year prison sentence, (Nieto, 1996).The community corrections alternative gives the judge th e option of sentencing the criminal offender to a community-based and secured substance abuse treatment program for a period of six months. Upon successful expiration of the treatment program, the offender must complete a probationary period. The discretion of the judge comes from a vast array of options. However, if an offender is found guilty of a serious felony and has prior nonviolent felony, sentencing guidelines provide community corrections and alternatives are not authorized and a minimum two-year prison sentence may be requisite, (Nieto, 1996).Until 1975, the federal bureau of prisons operated under the principles of the medical case of managing inmates. The medical model entailed educational, vocational, and treatment programs that attempted to transform criminal behavior into a supreme and productive behaviors that would benefit society. The medical model utilized the federal inmate classification system to manage the inmate population and promote individualized treatm ent, (Miller, 2011).By 1975, the federal bureau of prisons had a much greater inmate population than it had several decades earlier during its inception, and they adopted the balanced model to manage those inmates. The balanced model no longer promoted individualized treatment. The balanced model was a composite model that focused on a combination of the principles of rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation, (Miller, 2011). Several other major changes over the last few decades have affected the sentencing of those convicted of violating federal laws. The U. S. Sentencing Commission of 985 limited the use of probation for federal offenses, particularly for drug offenses and violent crimes. The Sentencing Reform bear of 1984 limited the amount of time the prisoners could reduce from their sentences for good behavior. This new law mandated that federal prisoners must serve a minimum of 85% of their sentence. The Sentencing Reform spot of 1984 also abolished the u se of parole for federal prisoners, (Miller, 2011). Federal prisons manage their inmates within the guidelines of a Prisoners Bill of Rights. The prisoners rights include clean and decent vivacious environments.Prisoners also have the rights to develop and maintain skills as a productive worker and have the rights to maintain and reinforce family and community ties, (Miller, 2011). The adoption of prisoner rights has helped the federal prisons avoid much of the legal turmoil that has embroiled the state prison systems. Most of the United States economist believed that in todays times, the USA experiences the most drastic crisis in decades. All states in the United States report about significant budget shortfalls. As the results, the state governments significantly have to reduce their outlay for correctional system.For the last two decades of the 20th Century, the spending for state and federal penitentiaries increased 600% because of the growth of measured requiring economic exp enditures, for example, mandatory minimum sentences, truth in sentencing laws and three-strike legislation, (Carlson, 2008). Although economic trends started affecting the consideration of sentencing policy, the public attitude toward crimes has greatly changed. Polls show that more people think that it is necessary to address the root causes of crimes and slight support the use of strict measures toward criminals.The attitude toward mandatory sentencing also underwent a change. The pool conducted in 2005 showed that 38% think that mandatory sentencing is a good vagary whereas 45% of respondents prefer judicial discretion. This radical change in the attitude can be causing significant drop in the crime rate registered in the country, (Carlson, 2008). State and federal governments respond to the impact of the economic crisis on the correction system in a number of ways. The nature of problems varies, depending on the state, and so varies the strategies used.The most popular measure s are as follows prison closings, cuts of the staff in corrections, reviewing the budget of corrections concerning nonessentials, reconsidering sentencing schemes, establishing sentencing committees and commissions. Everything in life changes all the time and will eer be that way, which is why everything about the past be called history. The rules and regulations for punishing the wicked and wrong doers always have been around. Many past mistakes made consequently, the rules had to have either adjusted or completely erased altogether to fix these mistakes.The system of punishment is not a design to humiliate or degrade individual in any way, it is an intention to teach the difference between what is right and what is wrong according to the guidelines set forth by government officials. As the rules and regulations change, it affects the state and federal prison systems. They have had to become more lenient and tolerant with the individuals punished for their crimes. Still they have to try to maintain order within the walls of the confinement even though tougher laws outside the walls are making it easier to put individuals behind bars causing overcrowding and less money for security.References Carlson, Peter M. (2008). Garrett, Judith Simon, Prison and Jail Administration form and Theory, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miller, Whitehead (2011). Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals, 4th Edition, p140, Chapter 6, State and Federal Prisons, Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Nieto, Marcus (May 1996). Community Correction Punishments An Alternative To incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders. http//www. library. ca. gov/crb/96/08/RTFToC6.

How terrorism affect our economy Essay

Terrorism and terrorist activates argon never intended to target an parsimony directly, or else it is designed to scare people who, overwhelmed by there trepidation destroy there own economy. The pliant economy of United States was misjudged in contrast with the family line 11 terrorist attacks. Despite an estimated $120 one thousand thousand of damage and a great deal of anxiety, one year following the 9/11 attacks considerable recuperation was recorded in U. S economy.A dis look intoment between the Economists world wide has been shaping up over the affects of terrorism on the economy of USA, many a nonher(prenominal) feel that because acts of terrorism are usually aimed towards small portions of the stock of capital of a country so effect on frugal activity are not very large(Enders and Sandler 2006). On the other hand, consciences of terrorism on the economy under pragmatic estimation suggest large and long term affects (Terrorism and the sphere prudence 40). If we revie w the federal figures between FY 1998 and FY 2001 $ 48. 3 billion where available in surplus.Attacks of September 11 originated a blow to the economy of Manhattan, but not to that of Boston or Chicago. Terrorism creates a pessimistic affect on industries like air travel, hotels and insurance at large, but if we review economys overall performance, investment and demand shifted to other industries-especially when Federal Reserve eased credit in order to calm post-Sept. 11 markets. The immediate and the fore most(prenominal) impact that originate due to terrorism is the development of Paranoia attitude towards the economy through restrictive air travel and raising uncertainty, economy is drifting into a phase of recession. U. S economy has been diminishing even further after U. S invasion in Afghanistan and Iraq.Another way terrorism affected our economy is the lift in oil monetary value which proved to be an economic jolt over the American nation who is now linking this oil situati on with the future elections and political agenda of American presidential candidates. The most direct damage that terrorism brought to our financial system is the deficit of U. S. government budget, which was a record of 413 billion dollars in 2004. A slight drop of $198 billion in deficit is being predicted by CBO for FY 2009 which is expected to emergence moderately by 2010.If we analyze the reports released by CBO we will realize the shocking increase in the expenditure of war on terrorism over the last few years, federal finances for the subdivision of home land bail, and ever mounting cost of government beneficial social sachems such(prenominal) as medical & health care and social security has halted economical development. Economists are predicting an inevitable increase in red ink taxation this is resulting in an increasing cost of housing and other basic comforts which is ultimately decreasing the consumption power of an American.(CBO) Terrorism creates a general smel l out of insecurity, this brings a huge expanse on U. S federal budget in shape of home land security dept, Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that federal resources devoted to homeland security activities were a total of about(predicate) $41 billion in 2004, roughly double the amount allocated to those activities before September 11, By 2007 Spending for the Department of Homeland Security increased by about 6 percent, to $42. 7 billion this money was required to further strengthen the borders and aviation security.General Seance of insecurity also slowed the pace of economic growth in 2007 economists strongly feel that it will slacken further in 2008. According to CBO, the consistent problems in the housing and financial markets and the high price of oil has curbed spending on household and businesses this is also ensuing decrease in the growth of GDP. Laws and policies developed to control terrorism has overwrought federal resources to a total of $2. 9 trillion for 2008 , while the revenue will total $2.7 trillion, which will result in budget deficit of $219 billion, this situation will be worsening with the additional $30 billion required to sustain military activates in Iraq and Afghanistan. (CBO 10)As a consequence American nation is facing a crepuscle in funds allocation for national health dept, education, and Environment protection, the 2007 financial budget favored spending on defense which brought an overall decline in resources allocated for developing U. S social welfare programsAnother worrying line of attack in which terrorism is affecting U. S economy is the underway decline of the U. S dollar. By 2007, an 8% decline was recorded in U. S dollars performance in index compared to its six largest concern partners. According to the predictions made by Stephen Malyon, (a currency strategist at Scotia Capital in Toronto) the current weakness in dollar should persist for the first dickens quarters of the current financial year, while a ri se of $1. 55 in Euro against dollar was also anticipated by him.(Ellis 2008) Terrorism creates an anxiety in the midst of American people who quite frequently hear about terrorist threats and the on going war on terrorism, while a general sense of insecurity has detained the business community, and this has created a lack of confidence among the main stream investors. Terrorism has also put the burden of humongous expense that the nation had to flavour in shape of Dept of home land security, ever since Sept 11, while this dept controls almost all issues related to national security and U. S intelligence, an increase in the federal resources and funds devoted towards this department, and as a consequence every year a considerable decline is recorded in social benefits such as education and national health care.Other affects of terrorism on American economy at large are the red ink taxes, increase in oil cost and the decline in dollar value all of this is contributing towards decreas ing the purchase power of an average American.Economists worldwide agree that the negative aspects and the decline in U. S economy is the cost that USA is paying for the war on terrorism. More over a large heel of political & economical analyst feel that the issue of terrorism is being propagated by the American presidential candidates in there political agendas which is a study cause of nervousness among the nation. Many argue today about United States aggressive strategy to counter terrorism has been a mistake and think that a defensive strategy would have been a more appropriate choice in terms of the affects of terrorism on U. S economy.Work Cited Enders Walter and Todd Sandler. The Political Economy of Terrorism. 1st ed. Cambridge, England Cambridge University, 2006. Abadie, Gardeazabal. Terrorism and the World Economy. (2007) 40. Orszag, Peter R. United States, CBO. The Budget and Economic OutlookFiscal Years 2008-2017. Washington, DC CBO, 2007. Ellis, David. Dollars sli de. Its the economy, thick (2008 )

Animal Farm Essay

In the movie, I began to see examples of collectivism and individualism. For instance, in collectivism the group comes before the individual. The experts do all the thinking for the people. Which in this case, the pigs, snooze and snowball were the experts. They made the rules that the levy animals had to abide all animals were equal, no animal shall be killed by another, no sleeping on beds or drinking intoxicant ect. As the revolution went on, the animals helped one another,like we as people do in the everyday world.Napoleon soon felt as if snowball was getting in the way of his dictatorship and had him killed. Napoleon now became the leader, and even spread the word to other nurtures so other pigs could start the same revolution. The weaker animals were sacrificed the laws that were set soon changed, the farm animals became more(prenominal) and more like slaves , they ate less, worked dawn to dusk and no longer were equal. The law now was some animals were equal but some more than others.While the farm animals did all the hard work, the pigs got to sit back, relax and eat all the food for themselves. With that said, Collectivism is a lot like communism, the pigs had control of the farm animals, made the laws, even everything the farm animals made soon belonged to the pigs. Its like how the world is today, part of the hard earned money and things we make go to the giving medication. The government and the corporations are the pigs. On the individualistic side of things, in individualism the individual comes before the group.They only worry about their family and close friends. Towards the end of the movie, the horse was change off and later killed, because he was no more use for the pigs. The donkey who is a close friend to the horse took that as a final cover and recognized what the pigs were really doing. Compared to individualism they fought with what they believed in. That no individual should work for pigs like them. Thats how it is with humans w e fight with what me believe in.

McDonaldization of Online Dating Essay

McDonalds is one of the most recognizable companies in the world, they withstand served billions and have restaurants in nearly every country in the world. In a society that greatly values efficiency McDonalds could be looked at as the ideal model for how to run a corporation. In recent years, the ideologies that McDonalds utilisations in running their company ar being absorbed into our everyday lives. In 1996 sociologist, George Ritzer, came step to the fore with a book explaining this process, even creating the term, McDonaldization, to severalize it. Essenti onlyy, he explains how, principles of the fast-food restaurant atomic number 18 coming to dominate more and more sectors of Ameri washbasin society as unspoilt as of the rest of the world (Ritzer 1). This model, establish off of the worlds largest chain of hamburger fast-food restaurants, is one of the most influential facets of the global marketplace, and its assembly-line process of doing commerce is driving down h ails and skyrocketing profitability. However, these cost cuts do not come without a price. Although McDonalds and other fast-food restaurant chains like it have been advancedly successful in terms of efficiency, at that place are subtle negative effects on the quality of the product and society as a self-coloured. In recent years one of ending industries that would be suspected of McDonaldization, has in fact adopted this business model, the world of geological dating.Modern technologies are making it more and more easier to meet new mint, with as little face-to-face fundamental interaction as possible. A most recent example of this is the dating application, toughie, which may solely be the purest example of how McDonaldization has seeped so farther into the floorboards of our society that it is now even affecting the way mass are meeting potential life partners. The application shows a picture of one user to another and allows the user to anonymously like or pass them. If two users like each other then it results in a match and Tinder introduces the two users and opens a chat. Only after the two users connect solely because they find the other aesthetically pleasing, then do they allow to know anything active the other soul on a level deeper than their appearance. Eliminating time lags anddistance, Tinder bridges the gap between digital and physical dating, enabling users to experience the present moment gratification that modern society holds in such high regards. While Tinder is just one example of this, online dating as a whole has become McDonaldized, and all of the principles that constitute the process kitty be applied to this modern form of dating.To start, the principle of control is, the standardization and uniformity of the corporation and the replacing of humans by non-human technologies (Ritzer). In the means of online dating this would be the replacement of meeting psyche in someone and feeling a connection, to talking to a p erson from behind a computer screen. The principle of predictability goes a coherent with this. Predictability is how the services have become uniform and standard. This means that no matter where a person goes, they will receive the equal service and receive the same product every time when interacting with the McDonaldized organization. An online dating profile support only be so customizable. You can view a persons career, location, their hobbies, but there is only so much words on a screen can say about someone, and essentially all of these profiles can begin to seem a lot alike. What these profiles lack is the way someones face lights up when they are talking about their favorite book, how they get embarrassed when you compliment them, or even something as simple as the way they smell.Although the romantic in everyone likes to believe that they can find their soulmate, the chances of meeting them through a computer screen seem a lot less likely. When online dating, for the mo st part, you are just looking at photo, after photo of people, and without human interaction you dont much of a deeper connection unless you provoke a conversation with all of the hundreds of profiles you are faced with. The next principle, calculability means that the objective should be quantifiable (sales) rather than subjective (taste).(Ritzer) McDonaldization developed the notion that quantity equals quality, and that a large tally of product delivered to the customer in a short amount of time is the same as one high quality product. Essentially, calculability is the idea that you get out, what you make pass into it. Forming an online relationship does not take much effort at all, but in doing so you are jeopardizing the quality of the relationship. An example of this would be if you are deviation out and making an effort to talk to, connect and form real world relationships with people, you are much more likely to findsomeone that you could have a meaningful relationship wi th instead of simply posting an online profile and having a computer between you and the person you are talking to.Online dating websites use the idea that joining is simple and easy to attract new customers, but thats not the way dating should be. Like anything else in life if you privation to get something done the best way possible you contain to invest time and effort in order into it to see the results you are looking for. You get what you give. The last principle that ties into this is efficiency. Efficiency in terms of McDonaldization is the optimal method for accomplishing a task. The example that Ritzer uses for McDonalds is, the fastest way to get from being sharp-set to being full. Efficiency in McDonaldization means that every aspect of the organization is geared toward the minimization of time. For online dating efficiency would be how long it would take someone from being single to in a relationship. Efficiency could be considered the most important principle due to how much of todays society has this need to get what they want when they want it. However, with efficiency, when getting something faster you are risking a lower quality product, nice things take time.It takes time to make a good hamburger, much like it takes time to form a good relationship. Hypothetically speaking, if you are hungry and seeking a hamburger you have two options, a fast food or a sit down restaurant. You could get a cheap, low quality burger immediately, through a drive-through window, with limited human interaction and right when you want it, one that it much like a lot all of the other fast food burgers youve had before. You also have the option to go out and take the time and invest the effort into seeking out the best burger restaurant and waiver away there and getting that once in a lifetime, high quality, satisfying burger, and even then, its not just about getting the burger, its about going out and enjoying the experience of sitting in the restaurant and waiting for your food. That is how online dating could be viewed, as settling for a McDonalds quarter-pounder when you really want a gourmet burger. Also, when you go to a drive-thru you are missing the experience of dining out, like how if you spend your dating years behind a computer, you are missing out on the experience of going out into the world and meeting new people and trying new things. For fast food restaurants the constant repetition of bland, low-quality ingredients being put into exactly the same thing millions of times a day, is not at all theproblem, but is in fact the solution, and it the very basis of McDonalds highly successful business model.Their products may not be ideal taste-wise, and not at all nutritional, but the customers know what they are getting. Online dating websites operate in a similar fashion. These companies are showing thousands of potential singles to each other everyday, and like fast-food, these results are usually low-quality and the same t hing everyplace and over again. However, these dating websites are making a significant profit due to monthly membership fees and money from advertising, when what they are doing is nothing more the serving up the same bland results time after time. The advertisements that you see for these websites include statistics about how an increasing number of marriages today are started on the internet. What these companies fail to mention is how the break up rate in America right now is tragically high. In her 2013 piece, Analyzing Divorce From Cultural And Network Approaches, Tamara Afifi explains this tragic statistic. She discusses the many factors of such a high divorce rates, such as, the economy and also mentions the fact that this can be caused due to people rushing into relationships. Online dating makes it incredibly easy to meet people quickly, thus rushing into relationships, and ultimately, shortening the lifespan of such relationships.This can be seen in the media all the ti me, and most notably, Kim Kardashians incredibly short marriage to crease Humphries. Tamara Afifi also goes on to explain the high costs of divorces and how lawyers benefit from this. Additionally, there are new websites where you can get a divorce online since it is so jet today, making it fast and convenient, with little human interacting. This suggests that even the marriage/divorce industry is succumbing to McDonaldization. The people behind dating websites are trying to run a company and are focused on making money. In her piece, The Price of Love, Emi Berry explains how dating websites care nothing more than the profit they receive from people looking for love. She explains this best when she says, Money cant buy me love. Money can, however, help find that love you seek via a dating service. Dating websites are following the principles of McDonaldization. They are looking to get as much revenue as they can as fast as they can. They have essentially created a conveyer-belt me thod for getting single individuals into relationships, and at the end of the day, they are just people trying to run a company. Dan Slater, a formerlitigator, talked to several individuals, married, single, and going through divorce about online dating to better other stand the topic first hand, and made a list of common ideas that he hear during his interviews.This list includes ideas such as, Internet dating has made people more disposable. Internet dating may be partly responsible for a compound in the divorce rates. Low quality, unhappy and unsatisfying marriages are being more visible due to Internet dating sites. Internet dating can help people of all ages realize that theres no need to settle for a mediocre relationship.(Slater) The rise of divorce caused by online relationships could be us to the idea of something seeming too good to be true. Like for example, when you see a McDonalds Big Mac on a commercial, it looks like a delicious, expertly-crafted burger, go to the st ore and order one however, and if you are expecting to see the same burger you saw in the pictures then you are about to be extremely let down. The same principles can apply to dating profiles. The beautiful thing about the internet is that you can show people looking at your profile all of your best qualities, while hiding your less desirable ones, thus making people seem much more appealing online. When couples from online dating websites meeting in real life, they may not be all the seemed to be online. However, people might try to make things works because they believe that the person they are meeting in real life is just as great as the one they met online, only to be disappointed later on when they are not all they turned out to be.However, is all online dating necessarily bad? You hear many success stories on television, as well as real life, and theres a positive and negative side to most things. In the case of online dating, all you really hear about in the media is the goo d and happy relationships that come out of this new technology. What they fail to mention is the disappointment, short-term relationships, and they large amounts of money that people are spending on these websites to be connected with people. Yes, it is true that these websites allow you meet people you may not have ever met without them, as well as match you with people who the website feels you would be congruous with. However, when behind a screen it is very easy to be something youre not, and with lack of actual interaction with the other person you are missing out on so much more. When you meet someone in person there is a connection that you get that is unlike anything else that can be snarl through a computer screen. So while online dating doeshave its benefits, it just seems that not only are there more negatives that can come out of online dating, but its also takes away what human interaction was left, especially in a world where everyday human interactions are easy be ing replaced with electronics, self-checkout at the grocery store, atm machines, shopping, and now even something thats been around since the beginning of time, companionship, is being computerized.This just makes you think, how long is this going to keep going on until human interaction is completely obsolete? So at the end of the day, we are living in a modern world, one where McDonaldization is inevitably taking over the way that most organizations are run. It is important to remember this process, has its benefits, but also many negatives. With its principles of, efficiency, calculability, control and predictability, this concept is seemly the new norm, faster than you may realize. This process is making the world more technological, and computerizing everything. You have to ask yourself, when is it too far? Should something thats been around as long as dating be something that is now done through technology? and is McDonaldization in fact, making the world a bigger place by insulate everyone behind their own computer screen?Works citedRitzer, George. An Introduction to McDonaldization. The McDonaldization of Society 7. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage, 2013. 1-20. Print. 19 Mar. 2014. Turner, Bryan. Does Anthropology Still Exist?. Society 45.3 (2008) 260-266. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.Afifi, Tamara D, et al. Analyzing Divorce From Cultural And Network Approaches. Journal Of Family Studies 19.3 (2013) 240-253. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. SLATER, DAN. A Million First Dates How Online Dating Is Threatening Monogamy. Atlantic Monthly (10727825) 311.1 (2013) 40-46. Literary file name extension Center. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. BERRY, EMI. The Price Of Love. Money (14446219) 162 (2013) 52. Business Source Complete. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.

Music and Cognitive Functioning Essay

medicinal drug is an art form and one of the most touristy media utilized to convey ideas, views, and emotions. It plays mixed, squ ar part in everyones life. It can calm ones mood and emotion. It can relax a individuals tensed body. However, it can too hype and motivate people. Music is also a means that we can use to express our ideas and messages. It can also be an consultation of our personality and a manifestation of our identity. The typesetters case of medicine that we listen reflects what kind of person we ar.It is often suggested to pregnant women to listen to spotless medicament for it is believed that listening to classical medicine stimulates the babys activity inside the mothers womb. It is also believed that listening to music by pregnant women change magnitudes the luck that their kid will be intelligent. Some students can also study their lessons well while listening to music. The melodies and tunes make the environment conducive to learning. They tend to scoop and understand their lessons well while they are listening to their favorite songs. This idea poses the possibility of enhancing peoples cognitive capacity through music.Thus, this paper aims to deal the relationship of music and a persons cognitive capacity, and whether music increases a persons apprehension. Music Music is an art, a craft, and an organized theatrical of sounds, silence, notes, and melodic tunes subjected in a time framework. Music includes a wide array of activities. It could be in the form of a mother putting her child to sleep through a lullaby, a group of kids singing their favorite nursery rhyme, a rock band playing their heart throbbing hits, or simply a person humming unconsciously (Miller 3).Music is a succession of arranged tones that produce a rhythm (Miller 3). This definition does not bury the characteristics of music, but it covers the description of the diverse genres people whitethorn be affiliated with. Music is relative and subjective. I t conforms to the taste and preference of the person. Music lessons taught us that music is comprised of notes, staffs, pitch, and voice. These are the superficial discernible characteristics of music. These are the things you will learn in your music class. Music has different forms in various cultures, and it is experienced by individuals through different ways.Music has two subdivisions based on culture. These are the high culture and low culture types of music. High culture music is eminent in U. S. and Europe. This type of music includes the music of the western world formed during the different periodsClassical, Baroque, and Romantic, among others. It is considered as the art music and is comeed in the concert halls and churches. It is treasured by people in the conventional music industry. The other type of music includes the contemporary kinds of music like jazz, blues, country, rock, pop, etc.Nowadays, the distinction between the high and low culture of music is widely acc epted for it separates the quality of music of better quality, more advanced art music from the music played in the nightclubs and dance halls. Music and parole People always look for ways and means to increase their intelligence. This is inherently true for parents, especially the first-time parents who want to practically boost the cognitive functioning of their children. in that respect is news proliferated by the media that the music of Mozart can actually make a person smarter.Due to this evidence, some educators and policy makers even suggest that playing Mozarts music in elementary schools should be mandated (Nairne 346). Everyone has been bestowed a gift to excel in different fields. Everyone has his or her own discernible characteristics that enable him or her to ascertain on tasks. However, it was believed that people with high musical aptitude possess low academic aptitude. Nevertheless, in reality, there is no clear correlation between musical inclination and affinit y and the academic performance or ability of a person (Gordon 22).Recently, there has been a media fuss questioning if the involvement in music makes a person smarter. on that point is a significant query of whether there is a Mozart effect if a person is involved in music. Does music rear a persons cognitive capacity? There are various studies reporting that music increases learning capability, while other research conducted shows otherwise. Hence, this and shows the limitations and the discrepancy in studying the impact of music on cognitive ability (Crowe 143).The researches conducted regarding the relationship of music and cognitive skills fall under music cognition. This exceptional field of study involves examination of the different aspects of cognition, including how music is processed by its listeners. It seeks to understand the underlying processes over the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and listening to music. Music has a significant impact on the drumhe ad processes. Learning is a complex process that cannot be reduced to a simple human process or experience.In learning, the development of a particular ability will enhance the abilities of a person (Crowe 143). There are really no sufficient analyses on the cognitive cause of long-term exposure to music and passive listening of music on intelligence. The most celebrated short-term effect of music on the increase in intelligence was the interpretation of the 1993 Mozart Effect study. Researchers claimed that 10 minutes exposure to compositions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart could increase general IQ scores by 8 points (Brown and Volgsten 137).However, there are claims that the study lacks sufficient evidence that exposure to Mozart songs actually perform the improvements on the cognitive functioning of an individual. An interesting article that was written by the proponents of the studies on Mozart effects states that there are other types of music which render similar effects, such a s folk music, minimalist music, and other types of music that cause relaxation. They also compared the tests of their participants and saying no particular difference on the results on the tests which required remembering numbers and general tests of intelligence.Yet, the Mozart effect manifested in tests which required recognizing visual patterns and mentally rotating objects. The researchers, therefore, reason out that the exposure to Mozarts composition only affects the persons spatial-reasoning abilities (Miche 16). Mozart songs may result in improvement for its omnificent and innovative schema. These songs activate the part of the brain which controls our spatial-reasoning tasks. Thus, this suggests that the persons involved may feel so relaxed and in a good mood, which allows them to perform the reasoning tasks better (Nairne 346).Furthermore, listening to Stephen Kings stories could also render Mozart effect, for the listeners find it gratifying and entertaining. It relaxes them and enhances their spatial-reasoning skills. On the other hand, a study was conducted exposing participants to slow and sad selection of classical music, and significant findings failed to produce the Mozart effect. It greatly suggests that it is indeed the setting of the mood and foreplay that are responsible for the improvements of the spatial-reasoning abilities of people (Nairne 346).The numerous studies mentioned earlier in the text only shows how psychological findings could be inaccurate and misused by the popular media. Although the various studies present valid findings, the improvements on the peoples abilities attributed to music were relatively minute and merely focused on a particular part of brain functioning. There are no stipulated evidences that suggest listening to Mozart or Stephen King produce lasting increase on the general intelligence. However, there may be ephemeral effects on the level of intelligence of a person.For instance, consuming anything that w ill make a person feel good and light would render the same improvements discussed by the researchers of Mozart effect. Thus, relaxing music makes one feel better about performing tasks, but it does not make hi or her smarter in any way (Nairne 346). Conclusion Music plays a significant role in everyones life. It is a tool for expressing our ideas and messages through the lyrics, melody, and rhythm of a song. It is an extension of our personality. We manifest ourselvesthe kind of people we arethrough the genre of music we listen to.Music inclination and intelligence have no significant correlation. There is a celebrated study which created hype in the media that exposure to Mozarts composition have a significant increase on the general intelligence of a person. The Mozart effect is a study conducted which concluded that exposure to his music activates the brain functioning which controls the spatial-reasoning abilities. Another study conducted suggests that using slow and sad classi cal compositions to increase cognitive capacity.However, these types of music failed to render similar effects as the impact of Mozarts songs. It therefore concludes that anything that makes you feel good and relaxed can make you perform a task better.Works CitedBrown, Steven and Ulrik Volgsten. Music and Manipulation On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music. New York Berghahn Books, Inc. , 2006. Crowe, Barbara J. Music and Soulmaking Toward a New Theory of Music Therapy. Maryland Scarecrow Press, Inc. , 2004. Gordon, Edwin E. A Music Learning Theory for Newborn and Young Children. Chicago, IL GIA Publications, Inc. , 2003.

Creation Story Essay

Long ago, before the earth and all things in it, there was God Spongebob. Spongebob said on the first day, Let there be a ball of fire. To light us during daylight and burn those who sin against the law. But then Barbie contested and suggested to change it into a disco ball so that everyone could party from night until dawn. On day two, Mickey Mouse defeated Lord Spongebob by drying him to death with a blower. He made the sky by means of cheese and nuts. On the third day, Mickey Mouse divorced his wife Minney and lived separately.Mickey opt to live underwater together with Aquaman while Minney corset on land with the butterfly fairies as they take good care of the flowers and trees. On day four , the sun, moon, and stars were created by the Justice League. On day fin , thunderbirds, mermaids and fishes were created. On day six , Osama was God and he made politicians who considers themselves as animals of this world. They made people like them by uttering words of lies, battling dur ing sessions in senate, rallying for high compensation and cheating during elections. Other animals who were created are the kidnappers, criminals and policemen.Osama rested on the seventh day. He accidentally killed himself while testing one of his suicide planes. Cyclops motto it all and he said that it was good for Osama to die. With the help of the X-men, they made a garden home inside Noahs ark on top of Mt. Everest. It was called the Garden of Chaos. He told them they could eat each other and rest in peace. The Aliens and Predators arrived during one of the NBA games and conquer the world. The only thing left were seaweeds, algae and underwater stuffs. Spongebob resurrected and decided to create a new world of his own. He named it the world of Autism.

Brain Drain In pakistan Essay

1.Brain fail is basically understood as the rural areas going of highly- skilled human capital together with a simultaneous lack of caput circulation, that is, the flow of talent from wizard country to another country. Pakistan is facing a twofold challenge, on the one hand an alarming amplification in the skill level of human capital exiting the countrys economic system, particularly the scientifically- and technologically-skilled personnel, resulting in the erosion of national competitiveness. On the other hand, there is the systems poor ability to perpetrate skilled human capital from the rest of the world.A loss of our talent, combined with an inability to attract external brains, heavily penalizes the country in the context of a globalized world that increasingly competes on the basis of intimacy and innovation. The policies instituted to date by the our govtt, as well as by the personal sector, aimed at reversing outward flows or attracting highly-skilled individuals to Pakistan have been inadequate. The main(prenominal) shortcoming of these policies has been that they have taken the form of low-key and often uncoordinated initiatives mystify2. To find out the causes of Brain drain in pakistan and suggest measures to dec it. Seq3.This paper will be unfold in fol seq-a. interpretation and types incl cat of skilled pers of brain drainb.Factor Causing brain drain.c.Remedies for brain drain.d.Analysise.Recommendationsf.ConclDefinition and types of brain drain4.What is Brain Drain.It the phenomenon of abandonment of a country in favor of another by professionals or people with a high level of education, generally following an offer of better stipend or living see to its as well as improved conditions for conducting ones professional activities.5.Types.Fol be the types of brain drain -a.Eco Brain Drainb.Religious brain drainc.Educational Brain draind.Intellectuals Brain drain6.Fol argon the cat of skilled pers who form part of brain drain- a.Corp orate transferees. These persons operate at an globalistic level through internal diligence markets. Their transfers ar prompted by various reasons and may last for periods of judgment of conviction of vari subject length. Frequently, such transfers be motivated by career advancement and training needs. This category alike includes specialists in production systems, marketing and research their transfers meet the organizational needs of the firms for whom they calculate .b.Technicians and visiting firemen. These are individuals whose movements reflect the specific occupational skills they possess. Their movements can take ordinate within international labor markets or within the ambit of the operations of multinationals.Transfers may be related to specific development projects, or they may come about unforeseeably or in response to management needs in crisis situations. c.Professionals.Who often work in the healthcare or education sector, and are frequently engaged by no n-governmental organizations (NGOs). Selection takes place on an individual basis and is for specific periods of time abroad. In some NGOs, deployment abroad may wrench permanent. d.Project specialists. Their migration is related to specific projects being carried out abroad. Transfers technically speaking go through internal labor systems, although sometimes these persons are recruited on the external labor market for limited contract periods. e.Consultant specialists.An increasing go of white-collar organizations are resorting to engaging specialists for a wide range of activities. The destinations are global, according to the organizational body structure of the client. The consultancy firms themselves are becoming transnational in nature. f. Private career development and training. some people are seeking opportunities through external labor markets for career advancement and further training, which necessitate stays of vary lengths abroad. This group includes different prof essions, but also young people in their early career years seeking experiences in foreign settings. This category also includes those who are in later stages of their career and whose transfers may be read in terms of chasing the dollar.g.Priests and missionaries. Religious and semi-religious orders who traditionally send their members abroad for periods of varying durations. The groups involved overlap with other types of emigrants, especially in the healthcare and education sectors. h. Entertainers, sportspersons and artists. This is a diverse internationally mobile group of persons whose stays abroad are often for brief periods. Some of them can, however, settle abroad permanently. i. Academics, researchers and other academic staff. in that respect is a substantial exchange of academics and researchers between universities and similar institutions for periods of variable length. Many transfers are for sexual relationly short periods, such as an academic term, whilst others are for longer durations (the archetypal brain drain situation).j. Students in higher education institutions. A growing number of young people are undertaking studies abroad, at all levels and for periods of varying duration, ranging from several months to a number of years. k. Spouses and children of the abovementioned categories can be sanely included in all evaluations of the migration processes of highly-skilled individuals, though in strict labor-market terms, their inclusion would be questionable. Brain circulationThis idea describes training and career paths in which students or workers go abroad to specialize and then return to their country of origin, drawing on the experience they have amassed to secure more than advantageous employment conditions.Factor causation brain drain in Pakistan6.Some of the major causes of brain drain are as fol -a.Un-employmentb.sociable Injusticec.Lack of institutional Facilities.d.Povertye.Lack of Nationalismf.illiteracyg.Lack of Counseling I nstitutionsh.Provisional Discremation.PROPOSALS FOR ACTION GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIESIn terms of government authorities, five main areas of action are proposed enthronisation in research on par with that of other major economies vindicated policy choices that promote brain circulation the adoption of models apt to encourage study and specialization abroad, and a consequent return to Italy the judicature of public-private partnerships and the facilitation of entry visa procedures for foreign researchers and talent. In terms of universities and other public and private research centers, the work to be done is extensive and should form part of an earnest reform of the university system.There are at least nine main areas of action proposed an overhaul of competitive exams for academic posts the establishment of PhD courses in line with modern and competitive criteria the de topical anaestheticization abroad of periods of university and postgraduate study the creation of academic centers of morality a shake-up of research funding the conduct of university courses in English and the internationalization of curricula the optimization of hire packages mandatory retirement at age 65 in respect of all managerial roles performed by university academics, with a view to facilitating renewal and the establishment of exchange programs.A boost in research investmentFirst and foremost, we note that research cannot be undertaken without investment. Paksitan spends 0.8% of GDP on research and development (2008 figures). This percentage is amazingly low compared to that for countries such as the United States (2.8%) or the Swiss Confederation (2.9%), but also relative to the European average (1.8%).The adoption of policy choices aimed at promoting brain circulation Policy choices apt to facilitate the deflexion and arrival of skilled human capital from around the world are a necessary status for Italy to be geared towards social and economic development that is competitive wi th that of other countries. Such policies should also cheat the social immobility, patronage, parochialism and vested interests that have historically contributed to the brain drain from Italy and, at the same time, hinder the influx of skilled human capital to our country.The creation of public-private partnershipsGovernment institutions should encourage partnerships with the private sector and with universities, and strengthen their links with the local labor market. Such collaborative relationships would also instill a more international and global gloss in a society that would become more competitive and transparent.Proposals for action universities and other research bodies It is immanent that our universities and other research centers be made attractive, international and accessible to foreign students and researchers, in order to suffice even out the balance between incoming and outgoing talent. This obviously entails making the university system more open and meritocrat ic, giving rise to a need for serious and farsighted reforms.The creation of centers of excellenceIn order to ensure the workability of two-way exchange programs, it is necessary to create centers of excellence capable of attracting and hosting the best international students and researchers, providing them with a standard of quality similar to that in their sending country or which they would be able to find elsewhere in the world.A shake-up of research fundingWe propose that an end be put to indiscriminate funding, which should instead be allocated according to peer-reviewed proposals with calls issued on a regular basis. Adjudication panels should draw on international experts with no ties to the research institutes associated with the proposals. Medium-term and final reports should be required and be a key condition for obtaining further funding.Remedies For Brain Drain in Pakistan6.Some of the major remedies of brain drain are as fol -a.Aval of jobs.b.Provn of Social Justicec.I mprovement in institutional Facilities.d.Eco Reformse.Uplifting Nationalismf.Security Sitg.Making of Counseling Institutionsh.Role of Media.i.Revision of Immigration Policies

Workshop

Should you use more reliable suppliers and how? What re the pros and cons ? Inventory cost higher or bodily cost forget be affected ? Now Blush wants shrinking service windows . How can you serve In achieving this through a better procurement strategy ? SC Manager (SCM) Draw a complete and detailed supply chain diagram from suppliers of compact to delivery of material to AGAR. Try to diagnose from the diagram the practical way to improve your logistical performance and shorten the delivery time to sustain Guards requirements. Discuss with other managers if they can support your suggestion.Manufacturing Manager (MM) As a manufacturing manager, you receive materials from outside suppliers and manufacturing starts low your supervision. You then deliver the finished items to warehouse before sending to AGAR. Can you suggest some summons re-engineering or any Improvement that you can suggest to help meet the demand of Finish ? As the main contact with Finish, how can you propose t o your CEO that DEEP needs major business trading operations improvement to meet the request of AGAR otherwise DEEP will lose this major guest that they cannot afford to see this happen.You need to ether information from your managers and provide several key points and write on a short proposal to present to the class. You need to identify the quality criteria and order winning criteria of DEEP to convince that AGAR should continue the partnership with DEEP. Time Frame of Workshop Time Activity signalize 6. 00 6. 30 Deep reading of the case Group discussion to clear some points described in the case 6. 30 7. 00 Each role considers the issues that they need to address and make recommendation SEEM is to imbibe information and provide advice if needed 7. 00 -7. 30Thorough discussion of final opus SEEM leads the team to finalize the recommendations report for later presentation 7. 30 7. 45 Short break 7. 45 9. 00 Presentation from the 10 aggroups early(a) groups critique the presentation with excoriations (from 1 to 9 marks) 9. 00 9. 15 Score counting The champion group will get 10% more mark in their case report assignment each 9. 15 9. 45 General review of overall performance Grades for Groups Example Group 1 will grade the other 9 groups to allocate the marks of 1 to 9 as shown below. The group with highest mark will be the champion.

African American Minority Group Essay

Among many of the ethnic groups that experienced a combination of separatism, racism, and prejudice African Americans is one of the few that is still faced with one or more conventions of discrimination today. The majority of African Americans came to the linked States from Africa to be slaves, while others are citizens or residents of the United States from partial ancestry a form of the native nation. In 1619, the first recorded Africans were recorded in British North America in Jamestown, Virginia, and the numbers began to increase as more English settlers died from harsh conditions and the Africans were b peckisht to work as laborers.In the late(a) 1700s the American Revolution occurred, which landed approximately 3 million Africans in slavery in the United States by the mid-1800s, (Centerw in all, Brandon, 1984). In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln declared that all slaves in the United States from a pith were free. Meanwhile the declaration of Africans being free from slave ry was joyful event, it was also the beginning of a maturement battle that lead to a different approach of discrimination including segregation, prejudice, and racism.By the 1900s, the African American population increased, which majority of the population lived in the S come forthhern states of the United States. The Southern states enforced the Jim Crow laws, which mandated racial segregation in all ordinary facilities giving white Americans advantages over black Americans in public schools, public transportation, restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains. In order to eliminate the control that white Americans had over African Americans, African Americans began to chassis their own schools, churches, and communities.Although, African Americans building their own communities was the intention of avoiding the humiliation of the Jim Crow laws, it still didnt hamper the African Americans from becoming victims of racially motivated violence. African Americans experienced count s light acts of violence incidents that lead blacks battered, trounce and even dead in some cases. White Americans begin to form organizations that promoted white power, leading the organizations to practise out violence and destroy African Americans property.A popular white power organization called themselves the Ku Klux Klan and performed acts against blacks that include lynching cross burnings, physical violence, and house burnings towards African Americans. Although, the Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, it has been rumors that there are throng that are still secretly members today. African Americans experienced a wider range of discrimination, segregation, and racism more so in the later days only if still arise in society today. In a perfect world, no one would be judged by the color of their skin and society would focus on a persons individual true character.Often times African Americans miss out on opportunities because they are being judged by the color of their skin, rat her than their abilities. The United States has tried to provide Americans the rights to come to opportunity, by creating the Affirmative action. The affirmative action eliminates people being granted opportunities based on their race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin and ensures that minority groups within a society receive rival opportunities.Although, the affirmative action was intended to diminish situations which cause people to participate in different forms of discrimination, but unless it could be fully proven that African Americans were being passed up for jobs, education, income and other forms of advancements there will neer be a way to fully prohibit this form of discrimination. Today, there is still un couple opportunities and jaundiced treatment that occurs in the United States especially with African Americans.African Americans were affected by many forms of discrimination that decreased advancement to equal other races in society. T hey were faced with dual labor market, forcing blacks to work in lower labor market nations. Redlining was enforced by keeping businesses from helping African Americans simply because of the area they lived in. Many African Americans wanted to better themselves by furthering their education, but suffered from institutional discrimination and given less information and aid for education.Knowing the history of the African American struggles on prejudice, discrimination, and segregation allows me to understand my grow and accomplishments of my ethnic group. Personally the history of African Americans affects me greatly, because it is the combination of struggles that has played a huge role to my advancements and opportunities performed daily. The African American ancestors fought daily through all counts of discrimination helps that allows all groups of different minority groups the same equal rights for advancement opportunities.Although, the majority of the world views of African A mericans has changed there are still people that choose to separate against African Americans by choosing non to change with the ways of the world and maintain prejudice. Acts of discrimination is performed but not as greatly as many years ago. African American culture has had a rough past journey, but in the long run the majority of the United States has made it possible for all African Americans equal rights and opportunities in life.

Analysis of Dickens’ Description of Fog In London in Great Expectations Essay

Dickens uses repetition of the give voice shock throughout this passage. The use of the repetition helps reinforces and emphasises how sullygy it is, constantly reminding the reader of the peculiar weather. It also conveys the radical that it isnt just a normal muzzy day but a day with stupor so peculiar and heavy that you have to repeat it several times to portray the head of a heavy, unusual cloud entrap city. It is constantly repeated to remind us of how thick and strange it is. Usually fog isnt particularly interesting to be repeated so many times.H e emphasise and concentre is put on the fog to try and express and give an impression of an unusual and intense foggy atmosphere to the reader.Dickens also uses various prepositions in this passage.For example he uses prepositions in this quotes Fog up the river fog down the river fog on the Essex marshes fog in the stem and bowl fog breathe by. The uses of these various prepositions help emphasise and convey the fact that fog is indeed everywhere (fog everywhere). In and out, up and down,quite literally everywhere which makes the reader vividly picture all capital of the United Kingdom covered in heavy thick fog.Another way Dickens uses language to convey the nous of a fog bound London is through the technique incarnation. Fog creeping in, fog cruelly pinching toes and fingers, fog asthmatic by. The use of personification brings the fog to life. The adverb creepily conveys an idea of the fog organism a mysterious, sinister but yet eerily quiet being. Cruelly pinching toes, by using this personification it links to the idea that the fog is a sinister, sly being. The adjective cruelly, portrays the fog as a brutal, wicked person, it shows no remorse even though he if pinching of a shivering little apprentice boy.It shows the reader the force and greatness of the fog (even though it is serene and quiet as implied by the word creeping) which connects to the intensity and strength of the fog as m entioned before- creating an impression of a fog bound city. This contrasts against our normal impression of fog as a misty, subtle delicate weather but transforms this idea into a great menacing bully in the form of a mysterious fog. the phrase wheezing by could make the fog seem like acranky old man, creeping in and out preying on young children. pinching, creeping,cruelly all have negative connotations portraying the fog as an evil dark being.

“Piano” by D.H Lawrence Poem Analysis Essay

Which aspects of relationships are presented in the tierce poems we studied? References to diffuse by D.H Lawrence, Do non go gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas and Hal-past two by U.A FanthorpeIn the three poems we take for studied praise 116 Let me non to the marriage by william Shakespeare My last Duchess by Robert cook If by Rudyard Kipling, different aspects of relationships and love are explored in different forms great power, pride, eternity, love as a channelize force and paternal care. These poets use language, images, and structure to make their messages al intimately love more clear and evident. The premiere poem I am going to analyze is My Last Duchess. It portrays the tragic epilogue of a unloving marriage between the strict, severe Duke of Ferrara, who chose never to stoop and the sweet, outgoing, naive Duchess privileged by the noble order of being contributen her husbands nine-hundred-years-old name. The poem investigates issues that sack up be involved in relationships where power and ego takes over. The Duke wields an exaggerated oppressive power, which contracts with the friendly attitude of the Duchess towards inferior classes people. This became the central cause problem in the relationship he disapproved of the Duchess smiles and blushes which went everywhere.He expected her to be take on with the same tre handsdous dignity as himself. The Duke wants to see his wife behaving in a way befitting her noble place in society. perchance hitherto an obscure and sinister jealousy triggered by the Duchess constant kindness, which he did not expect from a character, who should give been entirely of his possession since none puts by the curtain I have drawn for you, barely I. The quotation illustrates how afterwards her end he kept her smile and blush exclusively for himself- peradventure this was what he wanted while she was alive. The point that she talked with men and thanked them the same way she treated the Duk e himself obsessed him. His conquest was totally put at same level of a peasants somehow-I last not how- as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybodys gift. In fact, the duke is a individual who loves potency, and who is perfectly conscious about the fact of his superior social class. He wants everything to be under his possession- this push aside be seen by the fact that he likes and admires a bronze sculpture of Neptune taming a sea-horse.He enjoys anything involving control and power. A point that can also beconnected to the teacher of Half-past two by U.A Fanthorpe attempt to tower over the student. The structure of the poem is composed by a strict and elegant iambic pentameter, which help the lector realize about the terrific sense of control the Duke possesses. It is fixed in well-ordered system of riming couplets, yet the poem is full of enjambments which help the poem flow like a conversation. In fact, Robert Browning set the poem out as a dr amatic monologue- it was intended to be performed to an imagined listener. This creates a very fluent tone, capable to indicate immediately any change of the speaker systems state of mind. For example, his growing irritation, even rage, with his former wife becomes clear with the caesura to slow down the tone, when in the forty-third versify he statesAnd I choose Never to stoop. Oh sir The pause takes the poem into and angry edge. In fact when the Duke gave commands, the threat was very potent. The language instantly points the change of tone a recurrent assonance of the letter s comes out as an angry, sinister hiss and provides a sibilant sound. This transition with angry diction yet factual words also gives an image of the Duke as if he possessed no fault and transmitting and un stirred up shock. Browning also uses a As a result of this, as predicted, loveless marriages with no connection of true minds like in the Sonnet 116 of William Shakespeare would have never become the classifiable love story with a happy ending. The Duke juxtaposed a vivid hint about her death with negotiation about marrying his next object. Therefore it all ended when he gave commands and all smiles stopped in concert.The second poem I am going to analyze is If by Rudyard Kipling. It illustrates a solution to life sentences problems into one unique inspirational piece. This poem is a beautiful, personal goal for thoughtful readers who manage to be better people. It is an attempt to give a lesson in how to live from the point of view of a father maneuver his beloved son to become a Man. Naturally, we can also go through at it coming from the point of view of any older man to a younger man- an emotional or spiritual father-son relationship. We can also deduce that the author wrote this poem directly to his children. Kipling was born in Bombay, India, in 1856. Although more than a hundred years passed since those wise phrases in If were penned, they can be use even now and fro m a greater audience than the oneoriginally intended. People, that nowadays, is less and less informed of their responsibilities and taken over by a society of greed and indifference.People that if could strive to do even half of the things mentioned in the poem, would be removed better people. If is a didactic poem, a work meant to give instruction. It has a rigid and controlled structure. It is written in iambic pentameter an elegant construction of 11-syllable lines, with an extra, unstressed syllable. All of this laced up in four stanzas of eight rhyming lines, according to the practice abab, cdcd each referring to several circumstantial traits to possess in different circumstances. This makes it easy to read and facilities memorization. The first section is about self-integrity and developing the graceful attitudes about things. Kipling tries to teach us not to look down on ourselves, just because the others do if you can trust yourself when all men doubt you. One will al ways find people who speculate differently from him, underestimate him or misjudge him. If millions of men are convinced about a fond idea, it does not cease to be stupid. Therefore the quotation conveys one to have faith and confidence in himself and do what he think is right and just. Imagine having the serenity of being subject to criticism and hitch calm and relaxed until the very end being lied about, dont deal in lies, or being hated, dont give way to hating.Imagine one having to face all the wickedness that trying to overwhelm him, to lose control. Kipling, with this statement reminds not to let others provoke us in doing something we know is wrong. Do not be easily influenced. Understand our value, but do not human action into arrogant. waffle and notice what Kipling does grammatically here from the start. He composes the poem from a single repetition of if. The natural pattern for English is to state a condition thus, if A, then B. But Kipling is stating, if A, if B, if C. Hes piling on the conditions while delaying the consequence in a single long sentence. He builds up tension deliberately. That may also be the reason he calls the poem If. The second section is about overcoming the obstacles one encounters during his way. It is about following his dreams, fight for them, and strive to reach his goal. Whether he like it or not we are the cause of himself he needs to move on, things are not going to get through with(p) by themselves- if you can dream- and not make dreams your master. The quotation also implies that we have to seize our opportunities when we have the chance, do not let it escape.Distinguish and understandthe right balance between being a thinker and a Man. Here the author has a really vivid imagination. He utilizes prosopopoeia to promote caution against impostors such as Triumph and Disaster- capitalizing both(prenominal) words. He associates them to people who utilise in deception under an assumed identity, charlatans. Unco nsciously, both of them convince one to stop trying far more often than he usually expect. Frequently defeats can discourage his hopes and victories make him conceited and he permits them to influence him. Kipling reminds us that the world is not all a bed of roses. It is in fact, a poor and despicable place and states that if you can bear to hear the truth youve spoken twisted or go steady the things you gave your life to, broken... If one consent the world to influence him, it will get him on his knees and leave him with energy forever. It can hit harder than anyone else.Hence, it is not a matter of how hard a person hits, but is a matter of how he can withstand adversities, resist and to have the strength to rise again after being beaten into the ground. It shows a hard work ethic. Consequently Kipling introduces us to the section, that could be retained the most valuable. He starts off by writing an extended metaphor, similar in characteristics, but different in meaning to th e last quotation If you can make one heap of all your winnings intimately the counsel it brings is that life is to be enjoyed, whether money is to be spent. Take risks make mistakes and break rules, the world is thither to be experienced. Stay hungry stay foolish as a remembrance of Steve Jobs wise words. Afterwards, the briny advice that is conveyed by the sequent verse if you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone is to never give up and strive to overcome your limits.Kipling could have just written your body, everybody know that it has a heart, nerves and muscles. However, by listing each one, he gives us a clear image of its member as if they were all united as a team with a common objective. However the real message that the author wants us to conceive is to be determined. Something that when our physical strengths abandon us, give us the force to Hold on. It can be the Will to reach a goal or the Desire to win or even the contempt of losing. Something that prevents us from stopping, ignoring the consequences. By capitalizing the word will, he conveys the reader that about its strength and power . Finally each verse of the last stanza contributes to consolidate the long-awaited conclusion. Itstarts by speaking about being able to work with anyone from Kings to Crowds and not changing who one is and what he stands for. Being able to keep some distances and qualities that he only possesses without being influenced by his surroundings. And if neither foes nor loving friends can meet you underlines the lesson that often the people, who one loves most, are the one who can hurt him more deeply.Major qualities as independence and self-supporting are advocated by the statement if all men count with you, but none too much. Kipling creates a blueprint for personal integrity. It is about what a teenager might call maturity- acting like a grown-up and seeing the real value of things without being dependent to anyone. C onclusively the author uses the metaphorif you can fill the unforgiving minute with lx seconds worth distance run to instruct the reader to fulfill every moment of his life in as enthusiastic and energetic way as possible.He suggests making every seconds of ones life memorable having no regrets. This aspect can also be referred to do not go gentle into that good night of Dylan Thomas, where men strive to fulfill their remaining time with their very best. And finally, he comes to the long-awaited consequence and reveals that if all the aspects had been covered, Yours is the Earth and everything thats in it, And-which is more- youll be a Man, my son If is also a poem of imagination. Kipling tries to find the perfection in the human being, where nothing can harm it. A exhibit where the one truly gains everything and Kipling wishes that for his son.In sonnet 116, William Shakespeare explores the true nature of love, trying to work out both what real love is and is not. He says that th is feeling is eternal, not affected by time, alterations and life troubles that couples need to combat. Sonnet 116 is presented with the ordinary fourteen lines made up of three quatrains and concluding with a challenging couplet. It is written in iambic pentameter with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. William Shakespeare frames its discussions of the passion of love within a restrained and discipline rhetorical structure. The tone of the poem is also very fluent and smooth, filled with various enjambments. Moreover the relief of the language and poetic devices act as if wanting to draw the reader deeper into the theme. In the opening lines the speaker defines what the ideal love would be, by referring it as a marriage of true minds. Itis a relationship found on trust and understanding, which has come to a stage where minds are entirely tied together. The writer describes it as being perfect and constant, even if it encounters changes in the loved one.He denies that love is tr ue, when it alters when alteration finds or gas embolism with the remover to remove. In choosing to describe love as this kind of force Shakespeare is able to convince the reader that love is indeed strong enough to fight the departure of a lover or a simple alteration. Yet, in the second quatrain he positively defines what real love is, whether the first one was found on what it was not.. The metaphor it is an ever fixed mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken, represents it as an unshakeable guiding light to its wandering barks. The tempests portray the lifes troubles and people will experience, much the winter of Piano by D.H Lawrance. Shakespeare compares it to a seamark that navigators use to conduct their course- The North Star- whose altitude, or height has been measured although its value in indefinite.It is presented as an inestimable entity, whose force is tremendous and capable to give a channel to the lost ones. In the third quatrain William Shakespeare again d escribes what love is not it is not subject to time although rosy lips ad cheeks have to face the bending sickle of time- which is also utilized as a synecdoche referring to death. Furthermore time is personified by referring it as him and compare also to Death. In fact the author wants to demonstrate that true love trunk constant and does not alter with brief hours and weeks and survives even to the edge of doom- the Doomsday.To conclude the poem, with absolute conviction William Shakespeare challenges the readers to disprove his interpretation of love. He insists that this is the ideal of true love- and if love was mortal, changing and, temporary then no man ever loved or he would deny what he has written and the existence of it. By employing this paradox he strengthens the theme cleverly. What really gives Sonnet 116 its stimulating power is not its complexity instead, it is his lingual and emotional confidence.

Thin Film Solar Cell

wind solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic tenuous motion picture solar cubicleular telephones argon piano to handle , inexpensive and in like manner light(a) to use. Thin assume panel is flexible and tolerate reserve a bullet mint without failing and can greatly increase the surface atomic number 18a and the dousing coefficient needed to generate electricity. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the thin- film solar prison stall and as well call its application and how its work.Introduction The solar prison cellphone is the latest technology nigh the world. The solar cell is withal called a renewable energy source, because the capture the cheer and convert it into the electrical energy. There atomic number 18 unlike types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- f ilm solar cell. It is cost good and its efficiency is greater than the separate types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar cell . solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. either solar cells are made of silicon.Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving inert heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics they are essentially entirely a P-N junction photo-diodes with a precise large light-sensitive area. An opposite common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide.The most common types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-f ilm. A thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most comm provided apply in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. forthwith we use solar precedent to do many things. We use solar power for everything from reckoners to large power plants that can power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are utilize for comminuted evices. The Solar cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some countries do not keep up oil or do not convey tolerable political and economic power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than former(a)s. The solar cell technology is rapidly increase in those countries than the others, and it also grows prompt in atomic number 20 than in Wa shington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those compounds which shed the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is change magnitude by 20. 4%.The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material. The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe. There are intravenous feeding different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell WorksThin-film solar cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010. The primary(prenominal) difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator. These cells are built with thin film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar cells are very thin thats why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer. Silicon wafer and thin-film solar cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light. As you can see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the front contact and back contact layers which have only one job to do and thats is to provide the electrical contact with the solar cell from the outside the world. The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major t ypes of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and also easy to understand and implement it, but in that location are two major problems that cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.The premier problem is, silicon is very hard to find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The siemens thing is, this type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices. The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. little thinner than crystalline solar ce ll. It can be as thin . 001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5. Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.Table (1) The efficiency of solar panel /% Temperature /degree a-Si thin film Crystalline 25 (STC) 10 16 35 8 11 45 6 6 50 5 3. 5 The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell 1. Less efficient than the normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below. Table (2) reason Crystalline Efficiency Drop Light San Francisco fog 8%-15% Heavy San Francisco fog 15%-20% swampy & raining 20% 50% Heavy cloudy & raining 50% 90% 2. They have Gordian structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills. 4. They are also not available for aerospace applications. 5. They faster to degrade than the other solar cells thats why they always come with a shorter warranty. 6. They require a h uge space so they are not good for most residential situations. Applications Of Thin-Film solar cellThin-film solar cell panels are used in many power applications. They are also used for outdoor and energy generating applications. These cells are very light weight and easy to use in homes and small business. They can be installed on the rooftops of the most homes. They use calculators, cars and other portable electronics. They are also used in cloths also enables the powering the iPod, iPad, and cell phones during the hiking. Thin film solar cells are used in vigorous charger and led lights. Conclusion The advancement of Photovoltaic thin film solar cell is increasing rapidly.The development and decisions on materials used in PV thin film solar cell are all important(p) when trying to achieve optimal performance for a good price. The discovery of the photoelectric effect and the purpose of photons sparked interest of finding more ways to create efficient PV cells. The decisions on what materials to use in PV cells have paved the way for new developments and increased efficiency. When the first thin film solar cell was created it was around 1% efficient and with todays innovations and engineering decisions efficiencies are now able to achieve up to 20. %. If this trend to improvement continues the way it has been over the past 40 years then the technology whitethorn pave the way for complete solar power generations . References 1. Harris, William. How Thin-film Solar Cells Work 07 April 2008. HowStuffWorks. com. 22 march 2013. 2. Mathias Aarre M? hlum. Which Solar Panel Types is Best Internet http//energyinformative. org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline